Omar Toussoun's 'Scientific Missions during the Reign of Muhammad Ali' is a pivotal historical work exploring the transformative educational and technological expeditions initiated by Muhammad Ali Pasha, the founder of modern Egypt. This book meticulously chronicles the dispatch of Egyptian students and scholars to European countries, primarily France and Italy, in the early 19th century. These pioneering missions were instrumental in importing Western knowledge, science, and technical expertise into Egypt, laying the groundwork for the country's modernization. Toussoun delves into the objectives, organization, challenges, and lasting impact of these expeditions, highlighting their crucial role in shaping Egypt's intellectual and industrial landscape. The text offers an invaluable insight into a crucial period of reform and development, providing a comprehensive account of a cornerstone in Egypt's journey towards progress and nation-building.