1. The Importance of CO2 Injection

First of all, why do we inject CO2 into planted tanks? Short answer: Plants undergo a process called photosynthesis in which water, light, and CO2 are used to create the plant’s food source. Aquatic plants also photosynthesize for growth, but CO2 levels are naturally much lower underwater. Thus, increasing the amount of CO2 in your tank would encourage more photosynthesis, leading to better growth. I’ve seen a lot of beginners on the fence about whether they should use CO2 in their first setup. When I first started the hobby, I too remember being hesitant about buying a CO2 system because of the cost. When starting your new tank, you should first decide if you want to incorporate CO2. Some benefits to injecting CO2 include: Faster growth rate Encourages colorful and healthy plants Helps plants out-compete algae (ie. less algae!) Allows you to grow a wider selection of plants (like red plants) Some drawbacks: CO2 setups can be expensive Overdosing CO2 can harm livestock and create algae (you must find the right balance!) CO2 systems can be complex

2. Understand LED Lighting

In addition to CO2, LED lighting is another key component that will affect your plants’ growth. Hopefully you have now decided what plants you want to use in your aquascape, as you will need to keep this in mind when selecting a light. If you are planning on growing plants with high light requirements, or "high-tech plants," a powerful light source is needed. However, keep in mind that in tanks with high light, CO2 is a necessity to prevent algae from out-competing your plants

3. Use the Right Substrate

Along with lighting and CO2, substrate is the third main factor that will impact plant growth. Since plants need nutrients to grow, it is best to avoid solely using inert substrates like sand and gravel in your planted tank. Tip: Keep at least around 1.5-2 inches of substrate for optimal root development. I recommend using an aquarium safe, nutrient-rich soil, a type of substrate that already contains helpful nutrients for your plants. For example, UNS Controsoil is a high quality aquasoil that is perfect for growing aquarium plants. Stem plants such as Rotala and Ludwigia especially benefit from this type of substrate because they are "root feeders" and will spread roots throughout the soil to establish themselves.

4. Buy Quality Equipment

A lot of beginners tend to buy used and/or cheap equipment to keep a tank on a lower budget (trust me, I’ve been there). However, buying quality equipment can actually save you a lot of time and money, and stop you from wondering why your filter is making loud noises in the middle of the night (also been there). Now that we’ve gone over lighting, CO2, and substrate, here’s a quick rundown of all the other quality essentials.

5. Understand Water Parameters

Understanding water parameters is essential in having a successful planted tank, especially if you plan on keeping livestock

6. Importance of Surface Agitation

Water surface agitation is necessary for the oxygen exchange process to take place in your tank. When I first started keeping planted tanks, I would sometimes notice a shiny film right above the water and would have to scoop it out with a cup. This is known as biofilm, which is a buildup of proteins and organic materials commonly seen in tanks lacking surface agitation. Biofilm can decrease oxygen levels in your water which can be dangerous for livestock in tanks with CO2. Tip: Surface skimmers increase oxygen exchange, filter debris, and prevent biofilm. In addition to preventing biofilm, surface agitation can also help out with the diffusion of CO2. For those running CO2, I would recommend placing your diffuser under the outflow of the filter to help spread bubbles and maximize the amount of time they are submerged.

7. Know Your Plants

Aquatic plants are what make every aquascape unique! There are many different kinds of aquatic plants that you can use in your tank, so it's crucial to do your research on the preferred water parameters of all the species you plan on keeping. Java Ferns, Anubias, and Bucephalandra are common and popular epiphytic aquarium plants. A common mistake among beginners is burying the rhizome into the substrate, which suffocates the plant and leads to rot. Tip: Learn how to plant epiphytes HERE Also, always make sure the plants you buy for your aquarium are aquatic! Some terrestrial plants are often mistaken as aquatic and will eventually melt when submerged.