In this foundational text of modern Arab political thought, Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi offers a piercing analysis of political tyranny and its devastating effects on society. He methodically dissects the anatomy of despotism, exploring how it corrupts religion, stifles knowledge, degrades morals, and ultimately leads to societal decay and subjugation. Al-Kawakibi argues that despotism, not foreign colonialism, is the principal disease afflicting Muslim societies. He passionately advocates for constitutional governance, the rule of law, and public education as the necessary remedies to break the chains of oppression and revitalize the spirit of the nation.